International Conference and Expo on Separation Techniques August 10-12, 2015 San Francisco, USA

The economic growth of the State of Pernambuco above the national average in recent years can be attributed to investments in the sectors of construction and industry, which has its main pillars in the Industrial and Port Complex Governor Eraldo Leite Gueiros Suape (CIPS) and the tourist pole. To ensure the continuity of the development of this region over the next few years, the water supply is ensured by Suape System and already own of the Utinga (10,270,000 m3) and Bita (2,7000,000 m3) dams, will win a big boost with the construction of the Engenho Maranhão (50,000,000 m³) dam on the river Ipojuca. The Ipojuca river receives untreated sewage from several densely populated municipalities of its watershed, and crosses the sugar cane area where use fertilizers and pesticides, contributing to the degradation of this river. Therefore, to investigate the changes in the quality of water from dams with Bita and Utinga technical principal components analysis (PCA) and Multilayer Perceptron artificial neural networks (MLP ANN) was applied, and compared with the resolution of the National Council for the Environment (CONAMA) 357/05. The study involved collections of samples carried out in the period from February 2007 to March 2013. Of the water samples used, it was observed that 78.5% were at odds with the limits of Resolution CONAMA 357/2005 for Class 2 fresh water. The parameters presented in violation of the resolution were hydrogen potential dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, turbidity, total solids and thermotolerant coliforms. The results of PCA the first four components explain 65.92% of the total variation of the data. The first component (PC1) explained 26.5% of the data variance and the most important variables for water quality were the OD (0.80), BOD (-0.78), thermotolerant coliforms (-0.78) and ST (- 0.56). The MLPANN that showed the best performance was with 11 neurons in the hidden layer, hyperbolic tangent function and softmax function for the output layer, obtaining an average of 89.7% of global successes and 83.6% of correct answers in the test. The performance of the MLP ANN 9-11-5 model, the most significant input parameters in the identification of water quality were the total phosphorus, thermotolerant coliforms and dissolved oxygen concentrations. The result shows a tendency to water quality degradation from dams due to the presence of microorganisms, salts and nutrients responsible for the eutrophication process, which is configured by the greatest concentration of the total phosphorus and thermotolerant coliforms, and lower pH and DO, probably due to occurrence of effluent disposal of industrial, domestic and Agroin-sugarcane industry.

The study of the pollution of water matrices is increasing and is continuous between the members of the scientific community and because of which drinking and water fit for human consumption considerably decreases each year. Identifying and quantifying the different classes of pollutants is extremely necessary, especially when we see that among the most identified compounds are drugs. Use of contaminants is increased by the world\'s population without specific control to its discharge to the environment. Effluents from different origin were collected and analyzed for the presence of four drugs studied before and after application of AOP, by analysis via liquid chromatography high efficiency (HPLC). To ensure data reliability methodology, validation was performed using HPLC as required by competent bodies (ANVISA and INMETRO). The use of advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are the object of study and as an alternative capable of promoting the degradation of pollutants from contaminated means. This study aims to assess, identify and quantify the drugs, aspirin, diclofenac, dipirone and paracetamol in different effluents from wastewater treatment plants for use of different AOP. Total organic carbon analyzes were performed to verify the conversion of organic after treatment. Among the drugs studied, three of them were detected in effluents at concentrations ranging from 0.29 mgL-1 to 3.96 mgL-1. The best results were obtained using a bench reactor employing like Photo-Fenton process which observed degradation of drug from 71.9% to 100.0%, and a conversion of organic matter equal to 66.5%.

High volumes of cane bagasse ash are produced from cane bagasse combustion used in energy generation in sugar and alcohol production. The objectives of the present work are to evaluate the potential of the sugar cane bagasse ashes from Cuban (CBCC) and Brazilian (CBCB) sugar-alcohol industries, as new adsorbent material suitable for Cd(II), Ni(II) e Zn(II) remotion. A physical - chemical characterization of ashes, consisting in granulometric analysis, bulk and packed density determination, X-ray fluorescence analysis (XFR), thermal analysis (TGA and DTA), X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) coupled to X-ray dispersive energy spectroscopy (DES) was carried out. This showed the high potential as adsorbent of both ashes. A kinetic study was carried out; equilibrium time of 40 min was reached for Ni(II) and 30 min for Cd(II). The data fixed to a pseudo-second order model. It was possible to identify that the main interaction mechanism in metallic species remotion process was of physical nature. Different models were applied for a better equilibrium data explanation; Langmuir and Toth models were those that best fixed. Kinetic equilibrium study data demonstrated the remotion power of CBCB and CBCC for ions under study with the following order: Cd(II)≥Zn(II)>Ni(II). Thermodynamic study in static and monocomponent systems allows demonstrating that the process is favorable and spontaneous. Moreover, form this thermodynamic study was verified that a temperature increasing favored the metallic species remotion power. The equilibrium study in static conditions in tricomponent system allows demonstrating that an initial concentration increasing of the species in the mixture caused a decreasing in the adsorption capacity in comparison with the monocomponent system. In dynamic conditions CBCB presented a low mass transfer resistance with better values in adsorption capacity than under static. This allows verifying that under these conditions the adsorbent material had the same selectivity order for metal species under study in comparison with the study under static conditions.

The presence of metals in the environment has led to disastrous consequences for natural ecosystems causing degradation of natural resources, which have been of great concern in recent years. Among these metals, cadmium is widely used in galvanic industries and disposal of waste is classified as harmful to the environment indicating a need for its removal. This work was carried out to evaluate cadmium bioretention capacity in aqueous solutions by algae Arribadas. The Arribadas algae used were collected on the beach of Jaguaribe, Itamaracá - Pernambuco, Brazil, washed, dried in a greenhouse at room temperature (32±2.0 °C) for 4 days, pounded into knifemill and classified Tyler sieves. To optimize the process, we used a 23 factorial design with center point to evaluate the effect of buffer pH (3.0 to 5.0), stirring speed (100 to 300 rpm) and mass algae (0.1 to 0, 2g) on the adsorptive process. The tests were performed by placing the algae are in contact with 25 ml of a solution containing 50 mg L-1 of Cd2+ in acetate buffer 0.1 mol L-1, the conditions of the experimental design. The Cd2+ levels before and after the tests were quantified by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in Chama. The kinetic experiments were performed under the conditions that gave the highest bioretention in the factorial design studies, or algal mass 0.1g, stirring speed of 100 rpm and pH 5.0. Metal concentrations were used, ranging from 10-170 mg L-1, where samples were with drawn and filtered in a predetermined time interval in the range of 0.5 to 180 minutes. The balance of algae Cádmio- arribadas retention were achieved in 30 minutes. To accomplish the linearization used the Langmuir model and Freundlich. The quantity of cadmium adsorbed on the adsorbent mg.g-1 ranged from 2.6 to 6.7 with pure estimated experimental error of 0.39%. All major variables were significant at a level of 95% confidence. A rapid increase of the amount of cadmium biosorvido reaching the maximum sorption within 30 minutes was observed. From the Langmuir equation n value was obtained (adsorption intensity) of 1.02 and a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9974. There was a better fit Langmuir model. The Arribadas algae shown to have a potential to remove cadmium from aqueous solutions and can be used in the removal of the metal in industrial effluents

This paper reports an experimental investigation carried out to evaluate the physical optimal conditions to remove CO2 in the absorption column. Amino acid like glycine separated from plant was used as non-aqueous solution via chemical neutralization. The results show that a non-aqueous solution containing amino acid like glycine separated with spinach plant was obtained using electromembrane technology and it might be helpful for the biological removal of CO2 in a column packed with Raschig rings. The electromembrane process shows how the filtration time is reduced by the use of an electric field. The transmembrane pressure (TMP) was reduced by 20% in a particular electric field the hydraulic filtration using an electric field provides another substitute to the crossflow filtration in the separation of amino acid. The conventional filtration theory was also used in order to determine the permeate rate and the resistance of the fouling-layer in the membrane. From the experimental results, the transmembrane pressure (TMP) was reduced by 20% as the electric field increased. The resistance (Rm) of the membrane process in an electric field was reduced by over 200% in comparison with anno-electric field. And the absorbent of amino acid achieved a removal efficiency of 12% by itself. However, the removal efficiency was increased to 71% using complex absorbent mixed with 5.0% of an amine chemical. The mass transfer model was used for the interpretation of the experimental data. The order of reaction mixed with respect to ethanol amine was found to be increased from 0.6 to 1 with reaction order of water and extracted material mixed with an ethanol amine.

An Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) method has been developed for simultaneous separation, identification and determination of twenty two polyphenols in various floral sources of honey from Yemen. Solid phase extraction technique was used for extraction of the polyphenols from honey samples, while multiwalled carbon nanotubes were used as solid phase adsorbent. The chromatographic separation of all polyphenols was performed on a BEH C18 column using a linear gradient elution with a binary mobile phase mixture of aqueous 0.1% formic acid and methanol. The quantitation was carried out in selected reaction monitoring acquisition mode. The total amount of phenolic acids, flavonoids and other phenols in each analyzed honeys were found in the range of 338 to 3312, 122 to 5482, and 2.4 to 1342 µg/100 g of honey, respectively. 4-hydroxybenzoic acid was found to be the major phenolic acids. The main detected flavonoid was chrysin, while cinnamic acid was found to be the major phenols compound. The regeneration of solid phase adsorbent to be reused and recovery results confirm that the proposed UPLC-MS method could be potentially used for the routine analysis of polyphenols in honey extracts. rnrn

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a monomer in which its manufacture is primarily directed to the manufacture of polycarbonate plastic and the synthesis of epoxy resin being used in coatings for cans for beverages and foods, packaging for pharmaceuticals, dental adhesives and sealants, electronics, automotive equipment, plastic bottles and bottle. Important environmental pollutants are considered, because they act negatively in the hormonal system of animals and humans, belonging to the group of endocrine disrupters. The presence of these compounds with estrogenic activity in water is by contamination of water sources by effluent discharge raw or treated, since the conventional water treatment and sewage are not able to remove these organic pollutants efficiently. With this a treatment technique has proven attractive in recent years is the Advanced oxidation process (AOP), in which there is generation of free radical hydroxyl and highly oxidant, which reacts with most organic compounds generating CO2 and H2O. This study aims to assess, quantify and treat industrial effluent samples containing BPA. Quantification of BFA was made by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) whose validity was proven with a correlation coefficient R2 satisfactory equal to 0.9984, respecting standards required by the relevant authorities (ANVISA and INMETRO). For identification and quantification of BPA, the real effluent samples were submitted to the Liquid-Liquid Extraction process (LLE), and then concentrated for analysis by HPLC. This was a POA (Photo-Fenton like) in the sample with bench reactor with UV-C radiation with obtained degradation rate 97.13%, using UV-C light.

The chemical quality of water is intimately linked to the natural environment and human actions. Because water is a solvent of various substances and a vital component to human life, there are several diseases carried by it, or caused by excess or lack of elements or substances in water intended for human consumption. With a focus on reducing environmental impacts and the increased availability of water resources, the present study evaluated the removal of iron ion present in solution in order to apply for a secondary treatment with adsorption of metals by aquatic macrophyte popularly known as Baroness (Eichhornia crassipes), in particular the stem and leaf in the sugar industry. The experimental procedure was initiated by pre-treatment by dehydration of the stem and leaf and subsequently baroness grinding and classification sieves Taylor. It was performed to characterize the material by assessing the surface area and pore volume (BET), which also affords the adsorption isotherms. Then process optimization through factorial experimental design technique was done. It was then performed in duplicate, 23 factorial design in which parameters such as mass, particle size and stirring speed in the process, with the response variable removal efficiency and adsorption capacity were evaluated. Once optimized process, the kinetic and equilibrium evaluations were performed, in order to obtain the adsorptive key parameters of this system, the determination of the equilibrium time, maximum adsorption equilibrium constant adsorptive, constant adsorption kinetics, efficiency removal, fundamental to establish bases for future studies in this subject matter, as it was obtained kinetic and equilibrium model for this process. The results indicated that the stem of the baroness, the mass was variable leverage, both in efficiency and in adsorption capacity. As for the sheet, dough was the main adsorption capacity and the efficiency was the interaction with the particle mass . The removal efficiency for iron ion stems was approximately 92% as compared to sheet removal efficiency which was 85%. The Langmuir model showed the best linear correlations for both adsorbents, 0.995 to 0.997 for the stem and leaf. The maximum adsorption capacity of the sheet showed higher value (qm=8.16 mg.g-1) that the adsorption capacity of the stem (qm=3.14 mg.g-1).rnrn

The exploration, production and transportation of oil and its derivatives can lead to generation of effluents that are usually treated by biological processes (aerated lagoons, activated sludge or biological reactors). In these processes, some of the contaminants are removed, and the final effluent presents a new physical-chemical characteristic that sometimes reaches the limits allowed by law for disposal into receiving bodies. However, these processes produce sludge with a high load of contamination and should be taken to landfill or co-processes, processes that are costly to the company. In this work we applied the method to advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in wastewater refinary an actual oil and data were processed by neural networks, statistical models based on behavior of a complex physical system capable of mapping a set of input-output without having any prior knowledge of the other process, relying only on historical data. The results were corroborated by measurements of degradation of PAH, and TOC were completed with toxicity studies using natural material microcrustacean. We used three oxidation processes: Photolysis, Fenton process and process photo-Fenton. There was a decline below 30% for treatment with photolysis, up to 60% for the Fenton treatment and over 90% for the treatment processes employed photo-Fenton when a concentration of H2O2 for 60, 95 and 130 mmol. In the toxicity test, we used the microcrustacean Artemia salina, which were subjected to exposure for 24 hours, obtaining a percentage of 80% of survivors’ microcrustacean which proves the effectiveness of treatment. To employ the neural network, we used the experimental data and simulated in the test and validation, leading to evidence that the values were very close and that the neural network used was able to accurately track the trend of the data, hence the values of TOC, because the correlation coefficient for the first model was R2=0.994 and the second model was R2=0.996

Biogas is a gas containing mainly methane (CH4) and contain carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and other components, produced from a renewable source, particularly from anaerobic digestion of organic waste, manure and other organic substances fermentable. The biogas production has many advantages, particularly environmental point of view, because they result in two green products, biogas and organic residue. Biogas is a friendly fuel for vehicles. It can also be used to produce electricity, heat and used as a raw material in industry. In this work, a method for the purification and enrichment of biogas CH4 will be presented, using aqueous solutions in a reactor column with and without filling with goal to remove CO2 and H2S through chemical absorption process. Solutions to be used will be sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide at different concentrations. Based on the results obtained with the purification of biogas, the feasibility study of the purification process will be done with use of these materials, allowing a greater concentration of methane and increased energy efficiency of the mixture. For the statistical evaluation of the results, statistical software will be used for the analysis and processing of data.

Dr.S.Raghunadha Reddy has completed his PhD at the age of 30 years from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur and currently doing postdoctoral studies from Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland. Previously he was worked as Head of Quality Assurance and Regulatory Affairs at Clinsync Clinical Research Pvt Ltd. He has published 17 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as an editorial board member of Journal of Comprehencive Pharmacy. He has extensive experience in Good Clinical Practice-ICH, Good Laboratory Practice, QMS (ISO9001-2008), Bioanalytical method Development and validation, Computer System Validations (21 CFR Part-11) and Regulatory Affairs.\r\n \r\n

A sensitive and reliable method have been developed for simultaneous quantification of Naproxen and Esomeprazole in human plasma by using HTLC–MS/MS method. Pantoprazole was used as an internal standard(IS). The extraction of the Naproxen and Esomeprazole from human plasma was performed using solid phase extraction. Xterra RP 18 (4.6x150mm,5µm) reverse phase column was employed for chromatographic separation of analyte and internal standard for MS/MS detection at 1 ml/min flow(Split Ratio-70:30). Detection was performed at transitions of m/z 230.10→180.10 for Naproxen, m/z 345.40→198.20 for Esomeprazole and m/z 382.16→ 230.99 for Pantoprazole by positive electro-spray ionization (ESI+) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode using tandem mass spectrometry and analysis was carried out in 3.0 min. The developed method was compared in the terms of validation parameters including specificity,linearity, sensitivity, precision, accuracy and stability. The calibration curves were linear over a concentration range of 1.00 µg/mL to 120.0 µg/mL of Naproxen and 1.00 ng/mL to 500.0 ng/mL of Esomeprazole for quantification with the correlation coefficients demonstrating good linearity (0.995-0.999). The lower limits of quantification were 1.00 µg/mL for Naproxen and 1.00 ng/mL for Esomeprazole, respectively. Matrix based samples were stable at room temperature for 10 hrs, processed samples were stable at least for 24 hrs and also stable at six freeze-thaw cycles. This validated method was successfully applied for determination of Naproxen and Esomeprazole in human plasma for pharmacokinetic study

Dr.S.Raghunadha Reddy has completed his PhD at the age of 30 years from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur and currently doing postdoctoral studies from Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland. Previously he was worked as Head of Quality Assurance and Regulatory Affairs at Clinsync Clinical Research Pvt Ltd. He has published 17 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as an editorial board member of Journal of Comprehencive Pharmacy. He has extensive experience in Good Clinical Practice-ICH, Good Laboratory Practice, QMS (ISO9001-2008), Bioanalytical method Development and validation, Computer System Validations (21 CFR Part-11) and Regulatory Affairs.\r\n \r\n

A selective, sensitive and reliable method have been developed for quantification of Dexmethylphenidate in human plasma by using UFLC–MS/MS method. Venlafaxine was used as an internal standard(IS). The extraction of the Dexmethylphenidate from human plasma was performed using solid phase extraction. Reverse phase- Xterra RP 18 (4.6x150mm,5µm) column was employed for chromatographic separation of Dexmethylphenidate and Venlafaxine(IS) for MS/MS detection at 1 ml/min flow with mobile phase combination using 90:10 (v/v) Methanol: 5mM Ammonium Acetate (pH 4.00). Detection was performed at transitions of m/z 234.200→84.000 for Dexmethylphenidate and m/z 278.100→ 58.100 for Venlafaxine by positive electro-spray ionization (ESI+) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode using tandem mass spectrometry. Retention times were observed with in 3.2 min for both Dexmethylphenidate and Venlafaxine. The calibration curves were linear over a concentration range of 0.201 ng/mL to 80.434 ng/mL for quantification of Dexmethylphenidate with the correlation coefficients demonstrating good linearity (0.996-0.999). The lower limits of quantification were 0.201 ng/mL for Dexmethylphenidate. The developed method was compared in the terms of validation parameters including specificity,linearity, sensitivity, precision, accuracy and stability. Matrix based samples were stable at room temperature for >8 hrs, processed samples were stable at least for >20 hrs and also stable at six freeze-thaw cycles. No significant effect was observed due to the presence of potentially interfering drugs like Paracetamol, Ibuprofen, Caffeine and Aspirin in the plasma sample and also presence of hemolysed or lipemic in plasma sample. The method is validated in human plasma containing K2EDTA as the anticoagulant. This validated method was successfully applied for quantification of Dexmethylphenidate in human plasma for pharmacokinetic bioequivalence study.

The wastewater generated from industrial plants such as oil refineries and petrochemical plants, has dischargedin watercourses, cause serious environmental problems. In these effluents is common to find persistent organic pollutants (POP) that even at low concentrations show a high potential carcinogenic and mutagenic as phenol offering risk to the environment, especially the water reaching the flora and fauna. The principal objective of this study was identify and quantify the presences the phenol and their intermediate’s products using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC). In this work has identified of phenol and were evaluated the degradation of these compounds. This degradation was obtained employing Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP):Fe2+/H2O2/UV (photo-Fenton) and TiO2/H2O2/UV, applying photochemical reactor void bench with UV-A radiation. The photo-Fenton process was realized under the following conditions, [Fe2+] = 14.15 mg.L-1, [H2O2] = 1663.40 mg.L-1 at pH 3 at 126.18 minutes. It obtained a degradation and mineralization 99.89 and 99.71%, respectively. On TiO2/H2O2/UV method using [TiO2] = 130.50 mg.L-1, [H2O2] = 1350 mg.L-1 at pH 6 at 280.91 minutes resulted in 99.99 and 63.40% of phenol degradation and TOC mineralization, respectively. Thus, it was possible to see from the AOP employees homogeneous process (photo-Fenton) was more efficient in the degradation and mineralization of phenol.\r\n\r\n